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Reference architectures

How the platforms fit together

Four representative architectures behind the programs in this portfolio, redrawn from published vendor reference designs. Each map reads left to right: sources, a numbered platform, the people it serves, and the controls underneath.

01 · Microsoft Azure

Governed generative AI knowledge assistant

A private, identity-bound retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) platform that answers voice and text questions only from approved operating material. Every service is reached over private endpoints, and evaluation sits on the delivery path rather than after it. Related case study: CoCo on Azure.

Azure subscription · Landing zone (hub and spoke virtual network)
Approved knowledge
SharePoint OnlineApproved libraries
Labels & SOPs
Training material
Sync
Enterprise services
Microsoft Teams
Workflow tools
Learning system
Graph API
Change signals
Label updates
Review approvals
Process owners
Events
Ingest & prepare
Blob StorageLanding zone
Logic AppsChange triggers
Document IntelligenceLayout extraction
Azure FunctionsChunk & enrich
Knowledge & grounding
Azure AI Search
  1. Extracted
  2. Chunked
  3. Embedded
  4. Hybrid index
Embedding modelAzure OpenAI
Cosmos DBConversation history
Orchestration & models
Foundry Agent ServicePrompt, tools, policy
Azure OpenAIChat model
Azure AI SpeechSpeech in and out
Content SafetyInput & output filters
Index
Retrieve
Chat & voice experience
App Gateway + WAF
App ServiceChat UI
Respond
Specialists & new hires
Evaluation & feedback
Foundry evaluationsGroundedness
Feedback loop
Respond
Product & review owners
Operations
Application Insights
Log Analytics
Respond
Platform operations
Identity, network & governance
Microsoft Entra ID
Managed identities
Key Vault
Private LinkPrivate endpoints
Azure FirewallEgress control
Azure Policy
Defender for Cloud
Microsoft PurviewClassification & lineage
100%

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Representative architecture, not a client production design. Adapted from the sources below and redrawn.
  1. Ingest & prepare

    Approved documents land in Blob Storage on change. Document Intelligence extracts layout and Functions split content into governed chunks with source metadata.

  2. Knowledge & grounding

    Chunks are embedded and written to a hybrid (keyword and vector) Azure AI Search index. Conversation state is kept in Cosmos DB.

  3. Orchestration & models

    The agent applies the system prompt and tools, retrieves grounding passages, calls the chat model, and passes inputs and outputs through Content Safety.

  4. Experience & evaluation

    Users reach the app only through Application Gateway with WAF. Groundedness evaluations and user feedback gate releases; telemetry flows to Application Insights.

  5. Identity, network & governance

    Entra ID and managed identities replace keys, every data service sits behind private endpoints, egress is forced through Azure Firewall, and Policy and Purview hold the evidence.

02 · Amazon Web Services

Diagnostic data migration from Oracle to AWS

A validated, phased move of on-premises Oracle schemas and instrument data to managed AWS services. Schema conversion, change data capture, and reconciliation run as separate, evidenced steps so cutover is a controlled decision rather than a single event. Related case study: Abbott Oracle-to-AWS migration.

AWS account · Amazon VPC (private subnets, multiple Availability Zones)
On-premises Oracle
Schema 1Operational
Schema 2Reference
PL/SQL & jobs
VPN / DX
Lab & instrument data
Diagnostic instruments
Instrument file shares
Lab middleware
DataSync
Partners & reference
Reference data
Service partners
SFTP
Convert & migrate
DMS Schema ConversionSchema & code
AWS DMSFull load + CDC
AWS DataSyncFile transfer
AWS Transfer FamilySFTP
Operational store & data lake
Aurora PostgreSQLMulti-AZ target
Amazon S3
  1. Raw
  2. Validated
  3. Curated
Glue Data Catalog
Lake FormationAccess grants
Validate & reconcile
DMS data validationRow-level compare
Glue Data QualityRules
Step FunctionsReconciliation runs
AWS LambdaChecks & alerts
Load
Verify
Applications
Diagnostic appsAmazon ECS
Route 53Cutover switch
Serve
Lab & service teams
Analytics & reporting
Amazon Athena
Amazon QuickSight
Serve
Quality & regulatory
Cutover evidence
Validation reportsS3 Object Lock
Runbook & sign-off
Serve
Migration & QA leads
Security & operations
AWS IAM
AWS KMS
Secrets Manager
AWS CloudTrail
Amazon CloudWatch
AWS Config
Amazon GuardDuty
AWS Backup
100%

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Representative architecture, not a client production design. Adapted from the sources below and redrawn.
  1. Convert & migrate

    DMS Schema Conversion translates Oracle schemas and PL/SQL; DMS runs a full load followed by change data capture. DataSync and Transfer Family bring instrument and partner files.

  2. Operational store & data lake

    Aurora PostgreSQL becomes the system of record. Files move through raw, validated, and curated S3 zones, cataloged in Glue and governed by Lake Formation.

  3. Validate & reconcile

    DMS validation compares source and target row by row; Glue Data Quality applies business rules; Step Functions runs repeatable reconciliation and logs each defect.

  4. Serve & cut over

    Applications repoint to Aurora behind a Route 53 switch. Validation reports are kept immutable in S3 as the evidence for go and rollback decisions.

  5. Security & operations

    IAM, KMS encryption, and Secrets Manager protect data in motion and at rest; CloudTrail, Config, GuardDuty, and CloudWatch provide audit and monitoring.

03 · Multi-tenant

CoLab: multi-tenant content automation with human-in-the-loop review

One shared platform serving every market in a global campaign as a separate tenant. Each market keeps its own approved claims library and review rules; shared AI services extract claims, validate them against that market's approved sources, and score confidence; and every decision routes to a human reviewer with an immutable audit trail. Labels show Azure and Google Cloud equivalents. Related case study: CoLab content automation.

Azure + Google Cloud · Shared control plane and market-isolated data plane
Global brand team
Core campaign assets
Global claims library
Brand guidelines
Publish
Market teams
Localized drafts
Translations
Market review rules
Submit
Prior approvals
Approved claims
Review decisions
Index
Control plane
Market onboardingTenant per market
Tenant catalogCosmos DB / Firestore
Identity providerEntra ID / Identity Platform · market claim
API gatewayRouting & quotas per market
Market-isolated data plane
Approved claims library
Per-market indexmarket_id filter
Market key
Decision history
Immutable logEvery decision
Evidence store
Vector searchAI Search / Vertex AI Search
Shared AI services
Claim extractionFrom each asset
RAG validationAgainst approved claims
Confidence scoringWith explanation
Model gatewayQuotas per market
Guardrails & evaluationFaithfulness, recall
Route
Validate
Review routing
Confidence tiersFast-track to senior review
MLR queueHuman decision
Route
Medical, legal & regulatory reviewers
Content workspace
Market workspaceEvidence beside each claim
Route
Content & brand teams
Operations & cost
Quality monitoring
Usage by market
Route
Platform & program leads
Cross-market governance
Attribute-based accessMarket in every token
Audit trailImmutable decisions
Policy as code
Noisy-neighbor quotas
Secrets management
Data residencyRegional deployments
Per-market monitoring
100%

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Representative architecture, not a client production design. Adapted from the sources below and redrawn.
  1. Control plane

    Each market is onboarded as a tenant. The identity provider adds the market to every token, and the gateway routes and throttles by market.

  2. Market-isolated data plane

    Each market's approved claims library and decision history are kept apart; every query carries a mandatory market filter, and every decision is written to an immutable log.

  3. Shared AI services

    Claims are extracted from each asset and validated against that market's approved sources. A confidence score with an explanation sets the route; guardrails and evaluation hold quality.

  4. Route & review

    High-confidence claims go to fast-track review and novel claims to senior review. A human makes every decision, with the evidence beside each claim.

  5. Cross-market governance

    Application code, not the model, enforces market boundaries. The audit trail, quotas, and policy as code make isolation and every decision provable.

04 · Google Cloud

Studio ONE: one operating platform for a ceramics studio

Clay Space ran its studio on twelve tools that did not share data, so staff re-keyed records by hand and members juggled five logins. Studio ONE replaces them with one platform: integrations import history and keep data in sync while each tool is retired, one database becomes the record for households, memberships, firings, and payments, and members, staff, and the owner each get one place to work. QuickBooks and Gusto stay in place and are fed by the platform. Generative AI is deferred to Phase 2. Related case study: Clay Space Studio ONE.

Google Cloud project · Studio ONE
Booking & registration
SawyerClasses
Acuity · CalendlyPrivate lessons
TypeformForms & intake
Webhooks & APIs
Shop, site & email
WooCommerceShop
SquarespaceWebsite
MailchimpEmail
APIs
Payments & files
Square · StripeCard payments
DropboxDocuments
Import & sync
Integrate & migrate
Application IntegrationSaaS connectors
Pub/SubEvent bus
Cloud SchedulerSync jobs
Cloud StorageImport staging
One source of truth
Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL
  1. Import
  2. Match & de-duplicate
  3. Unified record
Ledger & audit logDurable
BigQueryReporting
Studio ONE platform
Cloud RunPython & Rust services
Identity PlatformOne sign-in
Workflow engineRules & approvals
Cloud TasksEmail, SMS & push
Load
Serve
Member portal & app
Next.js web appBook, pay, self-manage
Native appPush notices
Use
Members & families
Staff portal
Rosters & firingsAttendance, kiln log
Use
Staff & instructors
Owner reporting
Owner dashboardOn BigQuery
QuickBooks · GustoFed, not replaced
Use
Owner
Platform foundation
Role-based access
Durable audit log
Human approval gates
Secret ManagerNo raw card or bank data
Cloud KMS
Cloud SQL backupsPoint-in-time recovery
Cloud Monitoring
100%

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Representative architecture, not a client production design. Adapted from the sources below and redrawn.
  1. Integrate & migrate

    Application Integration connects to Sawyer, Acuity, WooCommerce, and the other tools through connectors and webhooks. History is imported once, and sync keeps data current while each tool is retired.

  2. One source of truth

    Records are matched and de-duplicated into one Cloud SQL database for households, memberships, bookings, firings, and payments, with a durable ledger and audit log. BigQuery receives a copy for reporting.

  3. Studio ONE platform

    Python and Rust services on Cloud Run hold the fourteen modules behind one sign-in, and a Next.js web app serves members, staff, and the owner. A rules engine runs workflows and approvals, and notices go out by email, SMS, and push. Generative AI is deferred to Phase 2.

  4. Use

    Members book, pay, and manage their membership in one portal and app; staff run rosters, attendance, and the kiln log; the owner sees the business in one dashboard, and QuickBooks and Gusto are fed by the platform.

  5. Platform foundation

    Role-based access, a durable audit log, and human approval gates; no raw card or bank credentials are stored, and the studio owns its data.